Diagnostic, traitement et prévention des entorses latérales de cheville
Titre de présentation
Présentation des lignes directrices cliniques concernant le diagnostic, le traitement et la prévention de l’entorse latérale de cheville.
Introduction
Environ 40% des blessures traumatiques de la cheville ont lieu durant la pratique du sport avec une incidence de 7 entorse externe de cheville (EEC) pour 1000 expositions. Malgré cette prévalence importante, seulement 50% des personnes avec EEC sont suivies médicalement. Une large proportion de ces personnes blessées risque de développer une instabilité chronique de cheville (ICC). L’ICC est définit comme une douleur persistante associée ou non à des entorses récurrentes de cheville pendant 12 mois après l’entorse initiale, pouvant mener à une abstention (à moyen ou long terme) de la pratique professionnelle ou sportive.
Objectifs
Le but de cet article de mettre à jour les lignes cliniques basées sur des preuves afin de faciliter le diagnostic et le traitement de l’EEC aigue avec comme objectif initial de réduire les symptômes à long terme associés à la blessure initiale.
Méthodes
Afin de prodiguer des recommandations récentes, les articles sélectionnés l’ont été sur la période de 2009 à 2016, sur Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane et PEDro. Les études étaient éligibles si elles traitaient uniquement d’entorse latérale de cheville et avaient été réalisées sur des individus de plus de 16 ans. Les études narratives, rapports de cas, et analyses sur cadavres ont été exclues.
Résultats
L’échographie a également une bonne sensibilité (92%) mais moins de spécificité (64%) comparé à l’évaluation clinique retardée et dépends énormément d’un matériel de qualité et de l’expérience du technicien. Dans le cas de suspicion de lésion ligamentaire de haut grade, d’anomalie ostéochondrale, de lésion de la syndesmose ou de fracture, l’IRM est recommandée.
Conclusion
Après l’EEC, il est important d’exclure tout risque de fracture, grâce à l’utilisation des critères d’Ottawa, dans la mesure où ils présentent une haute sensibilité et une haute spécificité. De plus, le traitement fonctionnel, par contention fonctionnelle et exercices est préféré à l’immobilisation. L’immobilisation peut être utilisé à court terme pour diminuer les douleurs et le gonflement dues à la blessure. Dans le cas de diminution de l’amplitude, la thérapie manuelle permet d’améliorer la dorsiflexion, mais la combiner à des exercices est conseillé. La chirurgie est réservée aux patients présentant une instabilité chronique.
Article original
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains : update of an evidence based clinical guideline, Gwendolyn Vuurberg et Al. BJSM March 7, 2018.
Mots clés
Entorse latérale de cheville – diagnostic – traitement – prévention – laxité chronique
Références
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Présentation des lignes directrices cliniques concernant le diagnostic, le traitement et la prévention de l’entorse latérale de cheville.
Introduction
Environ 40% des blessures traumatiques de la cheville ont lieu durant la pratique du sport avec une incidence de 7 entorse externe de cheville (EEC) pour 1000 expositions. Malgré cette prévalence importante, seulement 50% des personnes avec EEC sont suivies médicalement. Une large proportion de ces personnes blessées risque de développer une instabilité chronique de cheville (ICC). L’ICC est définit comme une douleur persistante associée ou non à des entorses récurrentes de cheville pendant 12 mois après l’entorse initiale, pouvant mener à une abstention (à moyen ou long terme) de la pratique professionnelle ou sportive.
Objectifs
Le but de cet article de mettre à jour les lignes cliniques basées sur des preuves afin de faciliter le diagnostic et le traitement de l’EEC aigue avec comme objectif initial de réduire les symptômes à long terme associés à la blessure initiale.
Méthodes
Afin de prodiguer des recommandations récentes, les articles sélectionnés l’ont été sur la période de 2009 à 2016, sur Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane et PEDro. Les études étaient éligibles si elles traitaient uniquement d’entorse latérale de cheville et avaient été réalisées sur des individus de plus de 16 ans. Les études narratives, rapports de cas, et analyses sur cadavres ont été exclues.
Résultats
- Facteurs de risque / prédisposant : ils sont définis comme augmentant le risque de présenter une EEC.
- Facteurs intrinsèques : amplitudes de dorsiflexion limitée, proprioception limitée, et déficiences dans le contrôle postural et l’équilibre. Un indice de masse corporel bas est également un facteur de risque ainsi qu’une pression médiale importante lors de la course. Concernant les facteurs de risques intrinsèques non modifiables, les femmes ont un risque accru, les personnes de tailles plus importantes également. La configuration de l’articulation de la cheville peut également présenter un facteur de risque, la posture du pied et des anomalies d’alignement du pied et du genou.
- Facteurs extrinsèques : le sport pratiqué est un facteur de risque extrinsèque avec des incidences élevées pour le basket, le volleyball, les sports sur herbes et l’escalade. Cette incidence est également fonction du niveau de jeu.
- Facteurs pronostics : après une EEC, la douleur est sensée diminuer rapidement en 2 semaines, cependant, les patients décrivent parfois des douleurs à long termes. Après la blessure, sur une période de 1 à 4 ans, 5 à 46% des patients décrivent des douleurs, 3 à 34% des douleurs récurrentes et 33 à 55% une instabilité. Malgré le traitement initial post EEC, 40% des individus développent une ICC, impliquant que tous les facteurs contribuant à l’échec ou à la réussite d’une réhabilitation ne sont pas connus. Les facteurs pronostics défavorables sont par exemple : l’incapacité à réaliser un saut deux semaines après l’entorse, une déficience dans le contrôle postural, une cinématique de hanche altérée, et un manque de stabilité mécanique ainsi qu’une laxité ligamentaire à 8 semaines. D’autres facteurs influençant sont le fait d’être un jeune homme, avec un IMC élevé, de grande taille.
- Diagnostic : il est important d’utiliser les critères d’Ottawa pour exclure le risque de fracture, et si cela est indiqué, une image radio doit être faite. Ces critères sont un outil validé utilisé chez les patients pour lesquels on suspecte une fracture du pied ou de la cheville jusqu’à une semaine après le traumatisme initial. Ils sont également très utiles pour éviter la réalisation de clichés radiographique non nécessaires et sont donc à réaliser lors de l’examen clinique initial. Les EEC sont généralement classées en 3 grades :
- Grade I : entorse de cheville bénigne
- Grade II : entorse modérée, lésion microligamentaire
- Grade III : entorse sévère, lésion ligamentaire totale.
L’échographie a également une bonne sensibilité (92%) mais moins de spécificité (64%) comparé à l’évaluation clinique retardée et dépends énormément d’un matériel de qualité et de l’expérience du technicien. Dans le cas de suspicion de lésion ligamentaire de haut grade, d’anomalie ostéochondrale, de lésion de la syndesmose ou de fracture, l’IRM est recommandée.
- Traitement :
- RICE, (rest – ice – compression – elevation) : il n’y a pas de preuve que le protocole RICE seul, la cryothérapie ou la compression seule aient une influence positive sur la douleur, le gonflement ou la fonction. Il n’y a donc pas d’intérêt à utiliser RICE seul dans la prise en charge de l’EEC sans l’associer à des exercices.
- Anti-inflammatoires non-stéroïdiens : les AINS peuvent être utilisés chez les patients présentant un premier épisode d’EEC afin de réduire la douleur et le gonflement. Cependant, il faut garder à l’esprit que ces prise d’AINS peuvent être source de complication et notamment supprimer ou décaler les processus naturels de cicatrisation.
- Immobilisation : une immobilisation inférieure à 10 jours dans une attelle rigide permet de diminuer la douleur et l’œdème et d’améliorer les résultats fonctionnels dans le traitement de l’EEC si elle est suivie d’un traitement fonctionnel. Une immobilisation trop longue est cependant contre-indiquée.
- Traitement fonctionnel :
- Contention : il est conseillé d’utiliser une attelle pendant 4 à 6 semaines plutôt que de réaliser une immobilisation prolongée. L’attelle semi-rigide permet la réalisation de mouvement afin de mettre en charge les tissus lésés tout en les protégeant. Le strapp n’est pas non plus jugé suffisant.
- Exercice : des exercices neuromusculaires et proprioceptifs mis en place rapidement dans la prise en charge de l’EEC ont montré leur efficacité. Ils amélioreraient la récupération, la fonction de la cheville et donneraient des meilleurs résultats, notamment sur la prévalence de l’instabilité chronique. La supervision par physiothérapie donne des résultats controversés.
- Mobilisation manuelle : la thérapie manuelle précoce permet d’améliorer la dorsiflexion de cheville après une EEC. Associée aux exercices elle donne de meilleurs résultats que lorsque les exercices sont pratiqués seuls.
- Chirurgie : même si la chirurgie donne de bons résultats sur les EEC aigues, elle est réservée aux patients présentant une instabilité chronique de cheville et n’ayant pas répondu de façon positive à un programme d’entrainement fonctionnel à base d’exercices et de physiothérapie. Dans la mesure où de nombreux patients répondent bien au traitement conservateur, le fait de réserver la chirurgie aux patients souffrant de laxité permet d’éviter le geste invasif chez des personnes ne le nécessitant pas.
- Autres : aucun effet sur la douleur, l’œdème, la fonction et le RTP n’ont été mis en évidence par utilisation des ultrasons, du laser, de l’électrothérapie, et des ondes courtes. L’acupuncture ne présente pas non plus d’intérêt. Certaines études ont montré l’efficacité des vibrations sur l’amélioration des amplitudes de dorsiflexion et d’éversion, la luminothérapie associée à la cryothérapie présenterait également un intérêt. Dans la mesure où il n’existe pas de preuve solide concernant l’efficacité de ces techniques, elles ne sont pas conseillées pour le traitement de l’EEC.
- Prévention :
- Contention : l’attelle et la contention ont un rôle de prévention dans les récidives d’entorse de cheville malgré le manque de preuve concernant leur mécanisme d’action. Le choix de l’attelle ou du strap dépend des préférences du sportif.
- Exercices : les exercices de coordination et d’équilibre réduisent le risque de récidive d’EEC. Il est donc conseillé de commencer les exercices le plus vite possible (notamment chez les sportifs), après le premier épisode d’EEC. Ces exercices doivent être inclus à l’entrainement ou à un programme d’auto-rééducation à la maison.
- Chaussage : il n’existe pas de preuve concernant le rôle des chaussures dans la prévention de l’EEC. Porter des chaussures hautes ou des chaussures basses ne montre pas de différence.
- Reprise sportive : l’EEC peut mener à de nombreux problèmes, notamment les désordres proprioceptifs. Ces déficiences semblent trouver leurs origines dans le système nerveux central au niveau du reflexe spinal et peuvent mener à une instabilité fonctionnelle. De plus, un retard de réponse du muscle péronier a été mis en évidence, probablement en raison de la traction sur le nerf péronier lors de la lésion. Cependant, les insuffisances retrouvées au niveau des unités motrices après EEC semblent durer moins longtemps que les autres entorses latérales de cheville non causées par un mécanisme d’éversion. Une réhabilitation par des exercices basés sur la proprioception, la force, la coordination et la fonction mèneront à un retour plus rapide à la pratique sportive.
- Coût :
- Le cout de la blessure : le cout sociétal de l’entorse de cheville varie entre 360 et 1100 euros par personne. La disparité des ces rapports varie en fonction des systèmes de soins, des populations et de la sévérité de la lésion. Ajouté à ce coût, vient celui du risque de développer une laxité chronique. Un traitement optimisé et une prévention adéquate entraineront des bénéfices économiques.
- Diagnostic : en 1995, il a été montré qu’utiliser les critères d’Ottawa permettait d’économiser entre 7,01 et 30,96€ par patient.
Conclusion
Après l’EEC, il est important d’exclure tout risque de fracture, grâce à l’utilisation des critères d’Ottawa, dans la mesure où ils présentent une haute sensibilité et une haute spécificité. De plus, le traitement fonctionnel, par contention fonctionnelle et exercices est préféré à l’immobilisation. L’immobilisation peut être utilisé à court terme pour diminuer les douleurs et le gonflement dues à la blessure. Dans le cas de diminution de l’amplitude, la thérapie manuelle permet d’améliorer la dorsiflexion, mais la combiner à des exercices est conseillé. La chirurgie est réservée aux patients présentant une instabilité chronique.
Article original
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains : update of an evidence based clinical guideline, Gwendolyn Vuurberg et Al. BJSM March 7, 2018.
Mots clés
Entorse latérale de cheville – diagnostic – traitement – prévention – laxité chronique
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