DEVELOPPEMENT ET VALIDATION D’UN QUESTIONNAIRE (FASH—Functional Assessment Scale for Acute Hamstring Injuries): Pour mesurer l’impact et la sévérité de la lésion des ischio-jambiers en aigue.

Introduction :
 
La lésion musculo-aponévrotique des Ischio-jambiers (LMAIJ) est la blessure des tissus mous la plus commune chez les sportifs, principalement dans le football, le football australien, le football américain, l’athlétisme, et autres sports. (1-33). Ces sports nécessitent de grandes accélérations ou décélérations, sauts et des changements de direction rapides. (1-7)
Ces LMAIJ entrainent un arrêt de l’entrainement et de la compétition, présentant un taux très élevé de récidives. (1-45) Le premiers mois après la reprise du sport est la période de haut risque de rechute et reste vulnérable pendant un an. (20,42). Cette récidive lésionnelle est souvent plus sévère et entraine une absence plus longue que lors de la lésion initiale. (2). 
Un outil est donc nécessaire pour nous aider à évaluer l’efficacité du traitement, mesurer la sévérité clinique du patient, comparer différentes populations et faciliter les recherches comparatives. (48,49).
Le but de cette étude fut de développer et valider un questionnaire mesurant la sévérité et l’impact de la symptomatologie sur la fonction et les habiletés sportives de l’athlète/patient  avec LMA aigue des ischio-jambiers. (50).
 
 
 
Le principal objectif lors de la réalisation de cette échelle/questionnaire était de le publier en trois langues : grec, anglais et allemand. (52)
Le questionnaire a été développé à travers sept étapes (53, 64):

1. Construction : Définition du contenu et de la construction de l’échelle. Nous avons décidé que ce ne serait pas un instrument de diagnostic. Le questionnaire permettra d’évaluer les symptômes, la sévérité, et l’incapacité fonctionnelle.
2. Choix des questions.
3. Analyse du contenu.
4. Analyse de la validité des questions.
5. Echelle : utilisation de l’Echelle visuelle analogique (EVA), 7 questions ont utilisé une échelle de 0 à 10, questionnaires VISA (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment).  Le score maximum du questionnaire est 100.
6. Développement en trois langues.
7. Pré-test.
8. Validation. 

Limitations
L’absence d’un « gold standard » en comparaison doit être considéré comme une limitation, même si le VISA-H, qui n’est toujours pas validé, était le seul instrument évaluable. Mais ce questionnaire fut développé à partir de sportifs pratiquant l’athlétisme, et non à partir de footballeurs ou rugbymen qui présentent le taux le plus élevé de rechutes de LMA des ischio-jambiers.
Ce questionnaire sera donc un outil de plus pour nous aider dans la reprise de l’activité du sportif, mais afin d’évaluer sa validité, on devra établir auparavant un comparatif avec les tests cliniques réalisés lors de l’examen clinique, et également avec les examens complémentaires réalisés permettant ainsi un retour sur le terrain plus sûr et plus rapide pour l’athlète.

Malliaropoulos N, et al. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:1607–1612. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094021
 
Traduit par Jérémy Da Silva.
 
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
Voir speed-meeting précédents pour le retour terrain suite LMA IJ :
- http://www.kinesport.info/Prediction-du-retour-a-l-activite-apres-blessure-aux-ischio-jambiers_a2477.html.
- http://www.kinesport.info/ANALYSE-DES-IRM-LORS-DU-RETOUR-SUR-LE-TERRAIN-SUITE-A-UNE-LESION-DES-ISCHIO-JAMBIERS_a2511.html

• Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, et al. Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1297–306.
• 2  Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1226–32.
• 3  Feddermann-Demont N, Junge A, Edouard P, et al. Injuries in 13 international Athletics championships between 2007–2012. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:513–22.
• 4  Malliaropoulos N, Papacostas E, Kiritsi O, et al. Posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:1813–19.
• 5  Meeuwisse WH, Sellmer R, Hagel BE. Rates and risks of injury during intercollegiate basketball. Am J Sports Med 2003;31:379–85.
• 6  Orchard J, Seward H. Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997–2000. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:39–44.

7 Orchard JW, James T, Portus MR. Injuries to elite male cricketers in Australia over a 10-year period. J Sci Med Sport 2006;9:459–67.
8 Askling CM, Tengvar M, Thorstensson A. Acute hamstring injuries in Swedish elite football: a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing two rehabilitation protocols. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:953–59.
9 Cross KM, Gurka KK, Saliba S, et al. Comparison of hamstring strain injury rates between male and female intercollegiate soccer athletes. Am J Sports Med 2013;41:742–48.
10 Eirale C, Farooq A, Smiley FA, et al. Epidemiology of football injuries in Asia: a prospective study in Qatar. J Sci Med Sport 2013;16:113–17.
11 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Injuries among male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009;19:819–27.
12 Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, Wilkinson C, et al. The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. Br J Sports Med 2001;35:43–7.
13 Henderson G, Barnes CA, Portas MD. Factors associated with increased propensity for hamstring injury in English Premier League soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13:397–402.
14 Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, et al. Preventive effect of eccentric training on acute hamstring injuries in Men’s soccer: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2296–303.
15 Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, et al. Acute hamstring injuries in Danish elite football: a 12-month prospective registration study among 374 players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20:588–92.
16 Woods C, Hawkins RD, Maltby S, et al. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:36–41.
17 Bennell K. Isokinetic strength testing does not predict hamstring injury in Australian Rules footballers. Br J Sports Med 1998;32:309–14.
18 Gabbe BJ, Bennell KL, Finch CF, et al. Predictors of hamstring injury at the elite level of Australian football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16:7–13.
19 Orchard J, Wood T, Seward H, et al. Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football. J Sci Med Sport 1998;1:83–8.
20 Warren P, Gabbe BJ, Schneider-Kolsky M, et al. Clinical predictors of time to return to competition and of recurrence following hamstring strain in elite Australian footballers. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:415–19.
21 Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:757–66.
22 Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training injuries. Br J Sports Med 2005;39: 767–75.
23 Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, et al. A prospective study of injuries and training among the England 2003 Rugby World Cup squad. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:288–93.
24 Elliott MCCW, Zarins B, Powell JW, et al. Hamstring muscle strains in professional football players: a 10-year review. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:843–50.
25 Feeley BT, Kennelly S, Barnes RP, et al. Epidemiology of national football league training camp injuries from 1998 to 2007. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1597–603.
26 Alonso JM, Edouard P, Fischetto G, et al. Determination of future prevention strategies in elite track and field: analysis of Daegu 2011 IAAF Championships injuries and illnesses surveillance. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:505–14.
27 Alonso JM, Junge A, Renström P, et al. Sports injuries surveillance during the 2007 IAAF world athletics championships. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19:26–32.
28 Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L, et al. Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:1100–5.
29 Bennell KL, Crossley K. Musculoskeletal injuries in track and field: incidence, distribution and risk factors. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1996;28:69–75.
30 Junge A, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy ML, et al. Sports injuries during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Am J Sports Med 2009;37:2165–72.
31 Opar DA, Drezner J, Shield A, et al. Acute hamstring strain injury in track-and-field athletes: a 3-year observational study at the Penn Relay Carnival. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014;24:254–59.
32 Drakos MC, Domb B, Starkey C, et al. Injury in the National Basketball Association: a 17-year overview. Sports Health 2010;2:284–90.
33 Murphy JC, Gissane C, Blake C. Injury in elite county-level hurling: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:138–42.
34 Orchard J, Best TM, Verrall GM. Return to play following muscle strains. Clin J Sport Med 2005;15:436–4.
35 Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:342–50.
36 Askling CM, Malliaropoulos N, Karlsson J. High-speed running type or stretching-type of hamstring injuries makes a difference to treatment and prognosis. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:86–7.
37 Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:553–58.

• 38  Fuller CW, Ekstrand J, Junge A, et al. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16:83–92.
• 39  Malliaropoulos NG. Non contact Hamstring injuries in sports. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2012;2:309–11.
• 40  Croisier JL. Factors associated with recurrent hamstring injuries. Sports Med 2004;34:681–95.
• 41  Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Waldén M, et al. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:112–17.
• 42  Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Previous injury as a risk factor for injury in elite football: a prospective study over two consecutive seasons. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:767–72.
• 43  Hallén A, Ekstrand J. Return to play following muscle injuries in professional footballers. J Sports Sci 2014;32:1229–36.
• 44  Malliaropoulos N, Isinkaye T, Tsitas K, et al. Reinjury after acute posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med 2011;39: 304–10.
• 45  Orchard J, Marsden J, Lord S, et al. Preseason hamstring muscle weakness associated with hamstring muscle injury in Australian footballers. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:81–5.
• 46  Aufwerber S, Hagströmer M, Heijne A. Donor-site-related functional problems following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: development of a self- administered questionnaire. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012;20: 1611–21.
• 47  Clarsen B, Rønsen O, Myklebust G, et al. The Oslo sports trauma research center questionnaire on health problems: a new approach to prospective monitoring of illness and injury in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:754–60.
• 48  Bruce B, Fries J. Longitudinal comparison of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Arthritis Care Res 2004;51:730–37.
• 49  Delitto A. Are measures of function and disability important in low back care? Phys Ther 1994;74:452–62.
• 50  Davidson M, Keating J. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): how should I interpret reports of measurement properties? A practical guide for clinicians and researchers who are not biostatisticians. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:792–96.
• 51  Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res 2010;19:539–49.
• 52  Sperber AD. Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterol 2004;126:S124–8.
• 53  DeVellis R. Scale development. Theory and applications. 2nd edn. London: Sage, 2003.
• 54  Steiner D, Norman, G. Health measurement scales. A practical guide to their development and use. 4th edn. Oxford University Press, 2008.

55 Dunn JGH, Bouffard M, Rogers WT. Assessing item content-relevance in sport psychology scale-construction research: issues and recommendations. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 1999;3:15–36.
56 Aiken LR. Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educ Psychol Meas 1985;45:131–42.
57 Huskisson EC, Jones J, Scott PJ. Application of visual analogue scales to the measurement of functional capacity. Rheumatol Rehabil 1976;15:185–7.
58 Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, et al. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain 1983;17:45–56. 59 Cacchio A, De Paulis F, Maffulli N. Development and validation of a new visa
questionnaire (VISA-H) for patients with proximal hamstring tendinopathy. Br J
Sports Med 2014;48:448–52.
60 Robinson JM, Cook JL, Purdam C, et al. The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and
reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med
2001;35:335–41.
61 Harrison E. Development of a clinical tool and patient questionnaire for evaluation
of patellofemoral pain syndrome patients. Clin J Sport Med 1996;6:163–70. 62 Visentini PJ, Khan KM, Cook JL, et al. The VISA score: an index of severity of
symptoms in patients with jumper’s knee (patellar tendinosis). J Sci Med Sport
1998;1:22–8.
63 Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, et al. Guidelines for the process of
cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 2000;25:3186–91. 64 Terwee CB, Bot SDM, de Boer MR, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for
measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol
2007;60:34–42.